Mungkin aku belum mahir menggunakan bahasa Jepang
Tapi, aku akan menjalankan perintah sesuai anjuran agama Islam
Bahwa sebaik-baik ilmu adalah ilmu yang bermanfaat bagi orang lain
Semoga sedikit pengetahuan ini bisa bermanfaat :)
Kata Sapa'an / Yang Umum diucapkan di Awal Pembicaraan Ohayou / Ohayou gozaimasu “selamat pagi” Konnichiwa “selamat siang” Konbaniwa “selamat malam” Yoroshiku onegaishimasu “mohon bimbingannya” / “mohon bantuannya”
–> (biasanya diucapkan pada saat berkenalan, atau pada saat akan
mengerjakan sesuatu bersama-sama)
O genki desu ka? “Apakah Anda sehat?” O kage desu “Saya sehat-sehat saja.”
–> (digunakan untuk menjawab “O genki desu ka?”)
Kyou wa ii o tenki desu ne? “Cuaca hari ini bagus, bukan?” Youkoso! “Selamat datang!” Moshi-moshi… “Halo…” (berbicara lewat telepon)
Kata-kata yang biasanya diucapkan saat berbicara Hai “Ya”
–> (untuk menyetujui sesuatu atau menjawab pertanyaan) Iie “Tidak”
Arigatou / Arigatou gozaimasu “Terima kasih”
–> (gozaimasu di sini dipakai untuk ucapan formal, atau bisa juga
menyatakan “terima kasih banyak”)
Gomen na sai “Mohon maaf” Sumimasen “Permisi” Zannen desu “sayang sekali” / “amat disayangkan”
Omedetou, ne “Selamat ya”
Suteki desu ne “Bagus ya…” / “indah ya…”
–> (untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang menarik, e.g. ‘hari yang indah’)
Social Equity and Local Wisdom For Accessing Public Facilities
Case Study of The Main Stadium Palaran Samarinda – East Borneo
Created by :
Ietha
Lecturer :
Ir. M.G.J Mark Brussel
Management of Infrastructure and Community Development
Faculty of Post Graduate School
Gadjah Mada University
2010
1.Introduction
Infrastructure as the physical facilities is one factor supporting growth. A variety of urban and rural development programs without being accompanied infrastructure development will make vain development. But instead of infrastructure development without the accompaniment of the development of human resources it will make the building into a specific community projects.
The exact method is an infrastructure development that gives more attention to local culture and local wisdom. Culture is something that existed since the prevailing ancestors for generations. It is not taught formally at will but it is rooted habits and waking up to children and grandchildren a community or a society. While local knowledge is a culture which is considered good by local communities. Local wisdom like a rule that to be something sacred, if violated then we'll get a penalty either formal or non formal punishment. Local wisdom like a legal system that if we violate it we will get the sanctions.
Indonesian state consists of various tribes, and from each tribe has a different tradition or habit - also vary. Tradition is the result from the character of society and the physical condition of the environment in which they lived and raised. Like that's what happened in East Kalimantan region where their ancestors were jungle dwellers. Where the wilderness society has a tradition or culture to live in an environment full of forest trees with local knowledge that is lived in a modest house. That is made of wood (board) with makeshift facilities according to their needs. Local wisdom of Dayak communities in East Kalimantan are living together with their family and their descendants in an environment full of trees that forest.
The rapid development of infrastructure in East Kalimantan without balanced by the readiness of adequate human resources. As a result, many programs only to the extent of infrastructure development projects, not as a medium for the welfare of the people. One is the development Palaran Stadium which was built with funds spend about 1.2 trillion rupiah.
2.Society, Culture and Local Wisdom
Culture can be defined as a system of knowledge that includes the system of ideas or the ideas contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life, the culture is abstract. While the embodiment of culture are the objects created by humans as being a civilized form of behavior and things that are tangible, such as behavioral patterns, language, equipment life, social organization, religion, art, etc., which all intended to help sustain the lives of human beings in society. Culture is a deep-rooted habit, therefore, in building the infrastructure must consider the cultural aspects of society. [1]Cultural patterns of thought and action form a community because such cultural environment in which human beings learn and form their own.
Local wisdomis a culture that is considered good and then in the guard and preserved for generations. Some functions and local wisdom of which is for conservation and preservation of natural, meaningful social, ethical and moral meaning and political significance. this is manifested in the habit of the Dayak communities in East Kalimantan, who lives in the forest and forest preservation. Kenyah Dayak, East Kalimantan, there is a tradition of “tana 'ulen”. Dominated forest area and become the property of indigenous peoples. Management of land governed and protected by customary law.[2]
East Kalimantan as the richest province in the State of Indonesia with abundant natural wealth, the forests full of trees, mine coal and petroleum. Therefore, East Kalimantan, has a budget which is quite a lot. Modernization and the demands of mobilization to make the Province of East Kalimantan improve it self by building the infrastructure supporting various community mobility. The development includes the construction of airports, ports, roads, and free way.
Modernization and development of the East Kalimantan capital of Samarinda make the indigenous Dayak people become annoyed because they are not used to stay in a noisy environment conditions and filled with motor vehicles. Hill and forest full of trees began in slash and flattened to build government buildings, schools, mall, hospital, hotel and other public facilities. As a result, indigenous people on the move, they chose to sell their land to the majority of migrants who come from cities in other islands such as Java, Sulawesi and Sumatra. Marginalized indigenous population, they chose to live in the jungle and maintain their local wisdom, namely the simple life in the forest environment by maintaining their fathers tradition.
The most people in Samarinda city is a community of some island migrants in Indonesia, like; Java, Sulawesi, and Sumatra. The main cause this transmigration is limited natural resources and lack of access to information. This is mostly experienced by rural communities far from the city with homes that have limited infrastructure. Bad Economic forces them to go to the Kalimantan island, which offers an abundance of wealth of Natural Resources. Therefore that is embedded in the minds of the migrants is to go to the island is rich in natural resources to find money and success later in life they can be exhibited on relatives in the village (where they originated). The paradigm is to build public mindset that life is to earn money so that all activities beyond making a profit in the form of matter is considered not important to them.
Infrastructure Development as a result only benefit some people, while the local indigenous or local communities marginalized and live in isolation that is far from the public facilities.
3.Infrastructure Development for Whom?
The result of the abundant natural wealth makes the East Kalimantan province has a large budget. Therefore, local government develops infrastructures in East Kalimantan. One of them is the Main Stadium Samarinda and it’s international class level. The stadium is on his first built as a facility for the National Sports Week (PON). The stadium was built by the East Kalimantan provincial government to deal with their use of PON XVII and inaugurated by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on June 18, 2008. The stadium is used as a place of PON XVII opening ceremony on July 5, 2008 and PON XVII closing ceremony on July 17, 2008. International standard stadium built with funds spent 1.2 trillion is only in use for a month, and now the Stadium was not maintained even some of the building cracked and rusted parts. At the end of this stadium is not used and nothing, that caused:
1)Communities of East Kalimantan, especially Samarinda peoples do not need Palaran Main Stadium. That because sport is not their hobby.
2)Stadium location is so far from resident homes.
3)Limited transportation access toward the stadium.SimakBaca secara fonetik
Infrastructure development without considering the needs and culture of local communities as a result only into a project, which is not know for whom the infrastructure is built. Now, Main Stadium Palaran with class A or the best facilities class is not maintained. Because the Department of Public Works (Public Works) feel Asset Stadium is the Provincial Government of East Kalimantan, East Kalimantan Province while feeling that the stadium is owned by the Public Works Department. Community feel they have no stadium is because the public does not need the stadium. As a result, an international-class stadium is a no man's land. No one felt responsible for having and maintaining the stadium.
Limited access to transport is also a factor Stadium Palaran not used. The government should think twice about holding class sporting events because to reach the National Stadium should be achieved through air travel to Sepinggan airport in the Balikpapan city. From Balikpapan to Samarinda that can traveled by planes or buses. But there's only one flight from Balikpapan to Samarinda with old local plane that often falls on the way from Balikapapan to Samarinda. While traveling by road have to travel 115 km along the winding road conditions with sharp turns so often to make visitors from out of town feeling fear when passing through that route.
The government decides this decision based on reference that to build a facility and then build community capacity. Sustainable infrastructure development should pay attention to sustainability of infrastructure relating to (i) the decision - making, investment, planning, and asset management, (ii) environmental factors, (iii) efficient provision service to maintain and enhance quality of life.[3] Unilateral policy decisions without regard to the conditions and desires of the community led infrastructure development have not value for people and that’s nothing.
4.Social Equity
A healthy democracy is an important element of sustainable communities in that it can enable informed decision making, meet the needs of diverse constituencies, and fulfill ideals of fairness and equity. For this reason, community sustainability groups have emphasized a variety of process indicators that reflect the health of our political system and society. For a healthy democracy, three things are needed: a clean, open system; real choices in elections, and an informed, active electorate (Phillips p. 348). In the election of local officials, they always carry the slogan "local son", the slogan is in use as a puller public confidence on the assumption that the son of the region would manage the area properly. Because he was raised and born in that area so that local children are expected to bring progress of the area.
Dayak community as local communities have a local wisdom to protect the environment in which they live. Other local knowledge is their simple homes made of wooden boards or because of high rise building construction will damage the forest ecosystem as their neighborhood. Dayak community chose exile to live in the countryside. This makes them can not use public facilities in the province of East Kalimantan. The development is concentrated in the capital, that make a limit for rural communities to reach the public facilities provided by Local Government. No exception to the Main Stadium Palaran Samarinda, the Dayak people who live in rural areas do not participate to enjoy a full stadium with international class facilities.
Changing a culture and local wisdom is not something easy, in addition to change the culture of a society takes a long time. But social justice must be straighten, development is not only build physical facilities, but also build a community toward a better civilization. Because the balance of infrastructure development as the physical facilities and human resources development will create a development into sustainable development.
This is due to a sense of belonging and an awareness that development for the welfare of society. As the theory of symbolic interactionism, symbolic interactionism is essential for community development because it provides insight into the ways people develop a sense of shared meaning, an essential ingredient for solidarity. When a developer community helps a community develop a shared vision of their future, she is helping them build a sense of unity. A community-Owned vision comes about through the interaction of people and is related through pictorial, verbal, or musical symbols. A symbolic interactionist would be keen on bringing people together to develop a shared understanding.[4]
As a symbol of the common approach within integrating sustainable development, advocates have often spoken of the "three e's" - environment, economy, and equity. Equity is by far the least well developed and perhaps the most difficult to bring about in practice. Such rising inequality brings about many sustainability problems - from the degradation of ecosystems by impoverished people struggling to survive, to the loss of social capital and mutual understanding essential for healthy democracies. Ensuring social equity is in substantial part the responsibility of federal and state levels of government the which can promote it through tax policy, funding of social services, establishment of a decent minimum wages, and guarantees of fair treatment and civil rights. Local communities can promote equity goals as well.
The impact of infrastructure on welfare aspects of the same importance, and the positive contribution that well-designed infrastructure can make to improve the sustainability of other dimensions are also important. Infrastructure provides people with the services they need and want. It has an important impact on poverty through growth. Infrastructure is an input to production and increase the productivity of other factors. Through its impact on welfare, it provides people with the ability to fill and create employment. Infrastructure connecting goods to markets, workers
for the industry, people to services, and the poor in rural areas to urban growth centers. However, it is generally accepted that most of the existing infrastructure around the world have some direct or indirect impact on the environment.[5]SimakBaca secara fonetik
To build a regional, all segments in society must have equal access to appropriate, good quality and safe infrastructure adapted to their needs (WHO, 2000). The concern now is how to restore the ability and authority of indigenous peoples / local wisdom to plan, organize, supervise and manage their nature resources, forest and land properly, until they can give their own community a good life. Local Capacity Building in the field of economic, political, social and culture has a very important sense in which the things mentioned above are closely related to one another. With the development of infrastructure that takes into account local culture and wisdom will make the community feel ownership of the infrastructure so that they will be directly involved in the maintenance and sustainability of the infrastructure.
References
·Kompas. Building a model of local wisdom in supporting the management of natural resources. 2009
·Halla R. Sahely, Christopher A. Kennedy, and Barry J. Adams. Developing Sustainability Criteria For Urban Infrastructure Systems. 2005
·Rhonda Phillips and Robert H Pittman. An Introduction to Community Development. : Routledge :
·Republic of Korea's Environment Ministry. Sustainable Infrastructure in Asia, Overview and Proceedings. 2007
·Sartini. Menggali Nusantara A philosophical study. Local Wisdom. Volume 37 number 2. 2009.
Simak
Baca secara fonetik
[1] Kompas.2009.Membangun model kearifan lokal dalam menunjang pengelolaan sumber daya alam. Norman
[2] Sartini.2004.Menggali Kearifan Lokal Nusantara Sebuah Kajian Filsafati. Jilid 37 nomor 2
[3]Halla R. Sahely, Christopher A. Kennedy, and Barry J. Adams.2005. Developing Sustainability Criteria For Urban Infrastructure Systems. Page 72-85
[4] Rhonda Phillips and Robert H Pittman.2009.(An Introduction to Community Development : Routledge) page 27
[5] Republic of Korea Ministry Environment. 2007. (Sustainable Infrastructure in Asia, Overview and Proceedings) page 12
